Interlanguage Definition and Examples

Interlanguage is the type of language or linguistic system used by second- and foreign-language learners who are in the process of learning a target language. Interlanguage pragmatics is the study of the ways non-native speakers acquire, comprehend, and use linguistic patterns or speech acts in a second language. Interlanguage theory is generally credited to Larry Selinker, an American professor of applied linguistics whose article Interlanguage appeared in the January 1972 issue of the journal International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching. Examples and Observations [Interlanguage] reflects the learners evolving system of rules, and results from a variety of processes, including the influence of the first language (transfer), contrastive interference from the target language, and the overgeneralization of newly encountered rules. (David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics) Fossilization The process of learning a second language (L2) is characteristically non-linear and fragmentary, marked by a mixed landscape of rapid progression in certain areas but slow movement, incubation, or even permanent stagnation in others. Such a process results in a linguistic system known as interlanguage (Selinker, 1972), which, to varying degrees, approximates that of the target language (TL). In the earliest conception (Corder, 1967; Nemser, 1971; Selinker, 1972), interlanguage is metaphorically a halfway house between the first language (L1) and the TL, hence inter. The L1 is purportedly the source language that provides the initial building materials to be gradually blended with materials taken from the TL, resulting in new forms that are neither in the L1 nor in the TL. This conception, though lacking in sophistication in the view of many contemporary L2 researchers, identifies a defining characteristic of L2 learning, initially known as fossilization (Selinker, 1972) and later on broadly referred to as incompleteness (Schachter, 1988, 1996), relative to the ideal version of a monolingual native speaker. It has been claimed that the notion of fossilization is what spurs the field of second language acquisition (SLA) into existence (Han and Selinker, 2005; Long, 2003). Thus, a fundamental concern in L2 research has been that learners typically stop short of target-like attainment, i.e., the monolingual native speakers competence, in some or all linguistic domains, even in environments where input seems abundant, motivation appears strong, and opportunity for communicative practice is plentiful. (ZhaoHong Han, Interlanguage and Fossilization: Towards an Analytic Model in Contemporary Applied Linguistics: Language Teaching and Learning) Universal Grammar A number of researchers pointed out quite early on the need to consider interlanguage grammars in their own right with respect to principles and parameters of U[niversal] G[rammar], arguing that one should not compare L2 learners to native speakers of the L2 but instead consider whether interlanguage grammars are natural language systems (e.g., duPlessis et al., 1987; Finer and Broselow, 1986; Liceras, 1983; Martohardjono and Gair, 1993; Schwartz and Sprouse, 1994; White, 1992b). These authors have shown that L2 learners may arrive at representations which indeed account for the L2 input, though not in the same way as the grammar of a native speaker. The issue, then, is whether the interlanguage representation is a possible grammar, not whether it is identical to the L2 grammar. (Lydia White, On the Nature of Interlanguage Representation in The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition) Psycholinguistics [T]he significance of interlanguage theory lies in the fact that it is the first attempt to take into account the possibility of learner conscious attempts to control their learning. It was this view that initiated an expansion of research into psychological processes in interlanguage development whose aim was to determine what learners do in order to help facilitate their own learning, i.e., which learning strategies they employ (Griffiths Parr, 2001). It seems, however, that the research of Selinkers learning strategies, with the exception of transfer, has not been taken up by other researchers. (ViÃ… ¡nja PaviÄ ić TakaÄ , Vocabulary Learning Strategies and Foreign Language Acquisition)

Who are Charles and Ray Eames

The husband-and-wife team of Charles and Ray Eames became famous for their furniture, textiles, industrial designs, and practical, economical residential architecture. The couple met at the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Michigan, coming to the world of design from two paths—he was a trained architect and she was a trained painter and sculptor. Art and architecture merged when they married in 1941, forming a partnership that became one of Americas foremost mid-century modern design teams.  They shared credit for all their design projects. Charles Eames (born June 17, 1907 in St. Louis, Missouri) spent two years in the architecture program at Washington University in St. Louis, famously being asked to leave after challenging the course curriculum—he asked why Beaux-Arts architecture was being elevated in light of the modernist successes of the young upstart Frank Lloyd Wright?   After leaving architecture school, Eames and his first wife left for Europe in 1927, in search of more modernist architecture than St. Louis could offer. Europe in the 1920s was the time of Adolf Loos, Bauhaus, Le Corbusier,   the modern furniture designs of Mies van der Rohe, and experiments with what became known as the International Style of architecture. Returning to America in 1929, he joined with Charles M. Gray to form the firm of Gray and Eames, which designed stained glass, textiles, furniture and ceramics. By 1938 he had a fellowship to study at the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Michigan, where he collaborated with another yo ung modernist, Eero Saarinen, and eventually became head of the industrial design department. While at Cranbook, Eames divorced his first wife to marry Ray Kaiser, who had become a colleague with Eames and Saarinen. Known simply as Ray, Bernice Alexandra Kaiser (born December 15, 1912 in Sacramento, California) studied painting with the abstract expressionist artist Hans Hofmann. The ability to simplify means to eliminate the unnecessary so that the necessary may speak, has long been Hofmanns inspirational quotation. Rays art immersion in New York City and in Provincetown, Massachusetts from 1933-1939 meant living simply (eliminating the unnecessary) and being baptized by modernism. She retained her modern art circle of friends when she, too, went off to study at the Cranbrook Academy. The attraction, of course, was Eliel Saarinen, father of Eero and president / designer of this new art school that was to rival the Bauhaus in Germany. At Cranbook, the Finnish-born Saarinens presented the modernist works of another Finn, Alvar Aalto. The bending of wood, the elegance of simple design, the economy of art and architecture—all were absorbed by the eager Charles and Ray.   After marrying in 1941, Charles and Ray Eames moved to Los Angeles to mass produce their simple ideas. They experimented with molded, flexible, adaptable furniture and storage units for homes and public spaces. They also designed the machinery and production methods needed to manufacture their furnishings. The Eameses believed that a house should be flexible enough to accommodate work and play. Charles and Ray Eames helped supply affordable housing for veterans returning to the United States after World War II. Houses designed by the Eameses featured high-quality prefabricated materials that were mass produced for efficiency and affordability. 1949: Eames House (Also known as Case Study House #8)1949: Case Study House #9 (Entenza House)1951: Kwikset Prefabricated House, prototype house kit for Kwikset Lock Company1954: De Pree House, Zeeland, Michigan Charles Eames died of a heart attack   August 21, 1978 in St. Louis, Missouri. Ray Eames died August 21, 1988 in Los Angeles—exactly a decade after her husband. The Eameses were among Americas most important designers, celebrated for their contributions to architecture, industrial design, and furniture design.   Who has not sat in an Eames chair around the office conference table or in a classroom at the public school? The role the Eames duo played in modernizing North America is often explored in exhibitions throughout the world. Charles had a daughter,  Lucia Jenkins Eames, with his first wife. Lucia and her son, Eames Demetrios, grandson of Charles, set up the foundations that have preserved the legacy of the Eames ideas. Eames Demetrios TED talk, The design genius of Charles Ray Eames, was filmed in 2007. Learn More: EAMES: The Architect and the Painter, documentary by Jason Cohn and Bill Jersey, 2011 DVDEames: Beautiful Details by Eames Demetrios, 2012Powers of Ten: A Flipbook, based on the film by Charles and Ray Eames, 1998The Films of Charles Ray Eames, DVD

Business Ethics And Social Responsibility - 1828 Words

Introduction Businesses nowadays hold a lot of responsibility when developing and selling products/service ethically. Business ethics is the discussion that many scholars are talking about in securing a business’s reputation and success. In this paper, I will be tackling the surrounding ideals when it’s comes to business ethics and how a business should be run in order to have social responsibility. In addition, the theories that are based around these topics will be added into a scholarly debate to fully capture the insight of the field. We will look at the discourse community in terms of how the scientific studies of marketing ethics is defined and established (normative theories, moral philosophy, logics, etc.). Afterwards, we will†¦show more content†¦After defining ethics, the authors go further and continue with the normative theories to explain how ethics is evaluated. Cavangh et al who is referenced, describe the theories of ethics into three categories: Utilitaria n theories, theories of rights, and theories of justice. Utilitarian is based in terms of their consequences; theories of rights that emphasizes the entitlements of an individual, and finally justice, which is the distributional effect of actions. With the theories, the authors use them to analyze the literature surrounding ethics in marketing: Ethical codes, Normative ethical decision models, articles related to a specific area of marketing, and articles on ethical abuses in marketing. Companies institutionalize ethics in order to save the business’s integrity. â€Å"Code of conduct is one of the most pervasive responses used by the business community as a way to improve ethical conduct. In the last decade, most major corporations have introduced some form of written code of ethics (Lewin, 1983).† (Fritzche and Tsalikis, 701). 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Positive and Negative Impacts of Imprisonment

Question: Discuss about thePositive and Negative Impacts of Imprisonment. Answer: Introduction According to Liebling and Maruna (2012), imprisonment refers to the state of being held as captive thereby restraining an individuals liberty. The prisoners are provided with sentence, which defines their penalty scales for the crime committed. Imprisonment has both positive and negative impacts on the individual as well as their families, which have been thoroughly addressed in this essay. The psychological effects on both individuals and families have been assessed. Moreover, the essay intends to state the positive effects of imprisonment, which may help in reducing crime rates. The thesis statement of this essay will analyze the positive and negative effects of imprisonment critically. There is no particular reason why individuals turn into criminals. The scholars will identify several principles and urges such as satisfaction, poverty, gratification, hunger and others, which make people commit crimes. The roots of criminal are in the way individuals think or take decisions. Nobody is born a criminal, but the societal and environmental factors make them so. The main purpose of imprisonment is to reform, deterrence and removal of criminals, which pose a threat to the society. The essay will discuss the rehabilitation of the prisoners, abuse of prisoners, mental problems and effects of imprisonment on children. The researchers argue if prison is effective for deterrence or rehabilitation. The aim of this essay is to address the issues faced due to imprisonment in detail. The challenges faced by the prisoners after they serve their sentencing period are also identified. Not only the family and wider community, this essay intends to specifically state the impact of imprisonment on children (Baron and Kennedy 2014). Discussion All these negative symptoms and the disorders follow the individuals even after they are released from the prison. Not only that, all these disorders most of the times prevent them to live a normal and peaceful life. Many social workers have suggested rehabilitation programs as effective solutions to this issue and thus thorough research works have been made on developing several other effective ways of assisting the released inmates. However, it is necessary enough to demonstrate that there is still a great deal that all the common people have to learn regarding the negative impacts of prison as well as how to effectively treat them (Baron and Kennedy 2014). The extent of the jail sentences in all these circumstances is significant because those with long verdicts are not capable to avoid observing some traumatizing actions. These proceedings leave them expressively spoiled and transform the way they outlook further human beings (Darley 2015). Mental/Physical Health Concerns World Health Organization (WHO) acknowledges that some people who were in the prison can cause some serious health damage to others. In spite of this fact, the World Health Organization Mental Health in Prisons Project settled that for the mass of captives, incarceration was probable to have the mentioned impacts. It leads to segregation from the relatives and other social networks (Donohue 2012). The imprisonment leads to strict surroundings, hammering of privacy and the criminals shall be deprived of physical and disinfected circumstances. There is lack in determined movement of personnel control and loss of individuality. The prisoners undergo a pressure to flee or to intake drugs (Donohue and Siegelman 2014). Apart from the above issues, the prisoners also face disgrace and stigmatization (Johnson and Easterling 2012). Being in Prison Too Long Causes Problems Arditti (2012) has stated that for the prisoners who were in the cells for a long time, it becomes both exciting and daunting for them to watch the world outside the prison. It is argued that the prisoners who were close to the release from prison life faced anxiety, irritability, restlessness as well as inability to sleep properly. All these feelings were reasoned by the dread of being unsuspecting for the earth that they were away for a long time (Geller et al. 2012). There is a need to conduct rehabilitation programs in prison to maintain positive psychological health. For example, the cognitive skills can be improved which would helped the prisoners in solving their problems. Moreover, it would enhance the prisoners to understand their personal values. Vocational programs may be conducted that would help the prisoners n obtaining a job after they serve sentence period. The prisoners must also be rehabilitated using correctional programs for preventing crimes in future (Maschi and Aday 2014). Dmitrieva et al. (2012) have mentioned in his research paper that although imprisonment seems like a distant possibility for many peoples in the society, incarceration rates in different parts of the globe, especially in Australia are steadily increasing. A recent study has revealed the fact that 41% of the youthful adults have been detained by their age of 23. The justice subdivision of Australia has accounted that there is 6% increase in the number of prisoners in adult corrective service custody (Abs.gov.au 2016). However, it is necessary to mention that this statistics has gone up to 32% for African-American men. These reports presently have stated that more than half of the prisoners are identified with a psychological physical condition disarray (Haskins 2014). Prisoner Abuse It can be easily said that still for the most hard-bitten criminal, the penitentiary can be a frightening place undoubtedly and the rules, regulations, practices and environment in that region affect them largely. According to the reports compiled by an Australian Justice Department agency, 60% of women captives in Australian prison are sexually harassed each year inside the wall every year (unsw.edu.au 2016). However, it is necessary to mention that violence is not limited among the inmates, the guards of the prison as well work under tremendous pressure and high-stress surroundings. This increases their chances of flattering in highly aggressive manner. With little wish for reporting mistreatment by the protectors, some prisoners might tolerate spoken mistreatment, bullying of corporeal aggression and even some assaults. Turney and Wildeman (2013) have mentioned in their research paper that women convicts are at a risk of being more sexually battered by the prisons protectors. Ther efore, it can be stated that this ongoing climate of trauma can easily create a deep sense of apprehension, depression and terrors in the prisoners who before had no severe cerebral fitness issues. Turney, Wildeman and Schnittker (2012) have stated that many people in the society might think that prisons are nothing but the facilities where the criminal are incarcerated and deprived of their freedoms at the time of serving a sentence for their crimes. It is expected that an inmates experience whilst locked up would depart such a long-lasting notion that a previous prisoners would do anything it would tend to avoid a subsequent phrase. Apart from that, Schnittker, Massoglia and Uggen (2012) have mentioned in their research paper that a large number of prisoners basically learn new as well as better ways of committing crimes at the time they are locked up with their fellow criminals (Berliner 2013). A major negative consequence of imprisonment is at that time had been the lack of training for the employees, the potential for conflict of interest as well as the reduction of staffs in the private prisons (Johnson and Easterling 2012). Apart from that, it can be seen that the staffs furthermore had been put in the conditions where conflicts of interest could have been arrived (Wildeman and Turney 2014). This practice affected the morale of the staffs largely and this was undoubtedly disappointing. Besides, it can be found out that an audit of private prisons in Victoria revealed the fact that some incidents like violence among the prisoners as well as attempted suicides at the Metropolitan Womens Correctional Centre often takes place and this is undoubtedly disappointing (Johnson and Easterling 2012). Haney (2012) has stated that a curious feature of discourse regarding criminal justice system is that most of the people commonly ignore one of its major shareholders, i.e. children of the prisoners. A prisoners imprisonment can have a highly overwhelming effect on the relatives, particularly when the children are concerned at large scale. It is most traumatic when the captive was the head of the family circle. The children are teased, humiliated and this negatively affects them (Berliner 2013). It is understood that along with the general influences of imprisonment on the family life of the victims, children most of the times experience some particular effects and these have been mentioned here in details. It is argued that the children of the criminals are generally at higher risks of developing mental health issues than the children without imprisoned parents. Berliner (2013) has stated that visiting can be highly difficult for the children with very little facilities that are not child friendly and this affects the nature of the students. Most importantly, it can be stated that in case of longer terms, the children of prisoners are generally three times are more likely to engage in ant types of anti-social or some offending behaviour than their peers who do not have a parent in prison. They show developmental delays and gaps as compared to the other students in the class. The children perform poorly in the school. They commit multiple serious criminal actions (Wildeman and Muller 2012). It can be stated that few of the circumstances that are imposed on the victims are as cruel the loss of independence. Haskins (2014) has stated that the inmates, specifically those serving their sent ences in utmost amenities or in particular treatment elements, must exist in earth where their liberty of movement is strictly restricted as well as synchronised. It can be stated that, the environment of the inmates are typified by a huge number of regulations as well as instructions that are intended to manage their performance. However, some have argued that the inmates are not inferior off than the individual in free society who is synchronised in many features of their lives by the dictates of custom (Turanovic, Rodriguez and Pratt 2012). Many prisoners express an intense unfriendliness against the far-reaching reliance on the decisions of alterations that is what makes their limited potentiality to make the choices and this is one of the main deficiencies of custody (Arditti 2012). After discussing all the negative impacts of imprisonment, it is necessary enough to mention some positive effects of imprisonment on the prisoners. Johnson and Easterling (2012) have mentioned in his research paper that the prisoners are provided the opportunity to earn self-esteem. It can be stated that not all the people in the prisons are murderers and thus the imprisonment affects them negatively. Regardless it is notable to mention that some people are in the prisons, have made some horrible mistakes and thus it can be stated that working gives them the chances to feel valued. Apart from that, it can be stated that in the prisons, many prisoners learn a skill or trade and this solely assists them to someday become a productive member of the society. From the research works and the discussions of Wildeman and Turney (2014), it can be found out that prisoners work for much less money and this assists to gradually lower down the taxes. Therefore, it can be stated that imprisonment all the time not only leaves negative impacts on the prisoners, it leaves some positive impacts as well. Imprisonment ultimately removes criminals from the society and makes the society free from any kinds of crime. It can maintain a pattern of peace in the society. Imprisonment also reduces the chance of the children to become criminal in future. The fear of imprisonment prevents them to initiate any illegal activities. Therefore, it forms a clean and secure society towards societal development. Moreover, imprisonment deters repeatable offenders and reduces the possibility of crime in the society. Apart from that, effective rehabilitation process makes the prisoners to be responsible citizen after their release. Crime is a growing issue and a serious concern in the world. The people have a perception that criminals must be imprisoned as it would be the best way to punish them. The main purpose of imprisonment is to detain the people from committing further crimes. There are other arguments also made for imprisonment as an effective solution for punishment. It is also stated that punishment might fail but rehabilitation would work. The threat of prisons helps in changing the lives of people for good. The substance-abusing criminals can get clean and sober as they find it intimating to go to jail. The studies show that the best method to reduce crime is providing longer prison sentences. This strategy could potentially beneficial society as a whole, as there would be less scope for violence, stealing and committing murder. It is argued that imprisonment with longer sentence period gives the criminals an opportunity to re-think about the crime committed. Furthermore, by providing education in p rison, the criminal may feel guilty which would help him make a better person (Chung 2012). It is argued that imprisonment serves two main purposes: to punish wrongdoers and removing danger which are a threat in the global world. Another justification can be made regarding prison helping the prisoners to reform their characters. For example, incarceration is necessary for the people who are committing huge crimes such as serial killers. The positive side is prison helps in protecting the society from the harm that may be caused if not controlled. While there have been arguments about prison turning criminals in professionals who would reoffend as soon as they are released, there are arguments in favour of imprisonment about giving people a chance to conquer their drug habit. The people may also be given an opportunity for causing a revolution in their lifestyle (Dagger 2014). Chettiar (2015) argues that the crime rates in Australia have significantly decreased. The Australian Justice System has stringent regulations for the criminals with tougher sentences because of which the crime rate has fallen. All the prisoners are bound by strict regime of sanction and privilege (hrlc.org.au 2016). The growth in incarceration helped in reducing the crime rates in 1990s by 5 percent (Chettiar 2015). In Australia, both low-level and non-violent criminals were sent to prison due to which the rate of crime was effectively brought down. This effect is called incapacitation effect where the individuals are removed from society for the greater good and preventing crimes. Again, it is argued that the gender balance is disrupted for the some reason. About 2.7 million minors have their parent imprisoned, which brings about negative effects (Chettiar 2015). However, rather than making long prison sentences, community services and educational programs may be offered in prison that would make the world a better place to live in. Prison must be used as a source of changing the attitude of criminals rather than infuriating their behaviour. Conclusion Conclusively, imprisonment has both positive and negative effects. Although some people would question the necessity of imprisoning criminals or offenders, the others state that imprisonment hurts the life chances of the ones who are incarcerated. However, it is inferred that imprisonment must be considered as an opportunity of saving the conscious of people and regaining the morale of offenders. Longer prison sentences may reduce the rates of crime and violence in the society. But it does not eliminate the threat of crime completely as the criminals may offend or commit crimes right after they get over with their sentence period. The Government should especially take care of the mental health of the prisoners. It will help them keep a psychological balance within the prisoners. Imprisonment can protect the community through incapacitation as the crime rate shall reduce likely. While there are people, who believe prisons are nothing more than facilities where criminals are deprived o f their liberty, it is also true that imprisonment intends to rehabilitate prisoners. The rehabilitation programs shall give an opportunity for academic education and vocational training in which the prisoners shall have an opportunity to enhance their personal values. Reference List Abs.gov.au. 2016.4517.0 - Prisoners in Australia, 2015. [online] Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4517.0 [Accessed 17 Nov. 2016]. Arditti, J.A., 2012.Parental incarceration and the family: Psychological and social effects of imprisonment on children, parents, and caregivers. NYU Press. Ashkar, P. and D. Kenny 2013. Views from the Inside: Young Offenders Subjective Experiences of Incarceration. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 52: 584597. Baron, S.W. and L.W. Kennedy 2014. Deterrence and Homelessness Male Street Youths. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 40(1): 2760. Berliner, D., 2013. Effects of inequality and poverty vs. teachers and schooling on Americas youth.Teachers College Record,115(12), pp.1-26. Briscoe, S. 2014. Raising the Bar: Can Increased Statutory Penalties Deter Drink-Drivers? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 36: 919929. Chen, M.K. and J.M. Shapiro 2014. Do Harsher Prison Conditions Reduce Recidivism? A Discontinuity-Based Approach. American Law and Economics Review, 9(1): 129. Chettiar, I., 2015. Locking More People Up is Counterproductive. [online] The Atlantic. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/02/the-many-causes-of-americas-decline-in-crime/385364/ [Accessed 11 Nov. 2016]. Dagger, R., 2014. Playing Fair with Imprisonment. The Good Society, 23(1), pp.30-40. Darley, J.M. 2015. On the Unlikely Prospect of Reducing Crime Rates by Increasing the Severity of Prison Sentences. Journal of Law and Policy, 13: 189208. Dmitrieva, J., Monahan, K.C., Cauffman, E. and Steinberg, L., 2012. Arrested development: The effects of incarceration on the development of psychosocial maturity.Development and psychopathology,24(03), pp.1073-1090. Donohue, J. 2012. Assessing the Relative Benefits of Incarceration: The Overall Change over the Previous Decades and the Benefits on the Margin. In S. Raphael and M.A. Stoll (eds). Do Prisons Make Us Safer? The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Donohue, J.J. and P. Siegelman 2014. Allocating Resources among Prisons and Social Programs in the Battle against Crime. Journal of Legal Studies, 27: 143. Geller, A., Cooper, C.E., Garfinkel, I., Schwartz-Soicher, O. and Mincy, R.B., 2012. Beyond absenteeism: Father incarceration and child development.Demography,49(1), pp.49-76. Haney, C., 2012. Prison effects of in the age of mass incarceration.The Prison Journal, p.0032885512448604. Haskins, A.R., 2014. Unintended consequences: Effects of paternal incarceration on child school readiness and later special education placement.Sociological Science,1(1), pp.141-58. hrlc.org.au. 2016. [online] Available at: https://hrlc.org.au/files/FZEAUHUITS/Factsheet%20-%20Prisons.pdf [Accessed 17 Nov. 2016]. Johnson, E.I. and Easterling, B., 2012. Understanding unique effects of parental incarceration on children: Challenges, progress, and recommendations.Journal of Marriage and Family,74(2), pp.342-356. Liebling, A. and Maruna, S., 2012. The effects of imprisonment. 1st ed. Cullompton, Devon, UK: Willan. Maschi, T. and Aday, R.R.H., 2014. The social determinants of health and justice and the aging in prison crisis: A call for human rights action.International Journal of Social Work,1(1), pp.15-33. Schnittker, J., Massoglia, M. and Uggen, C., 2012. Out and Down Incarceration and Psychiatric Disorders.Journal of Health and Social Behavior,53(4), pp.448-464. Turanovic, J.J., Rodriguez, N. and Pratt, T.C., 2012. The collateral consequences of incarceration revisited: A qualitative analysis of the effects on caregivers of children of incarcerated parents.Criminology,50(4), pp.913-959. Turney, K. and Wildeman, C., 2013. Redefining Relationships Explaining the Countervailing Consequences of Paternal Incarceration for Parenting.American Sociological Review,78(6), pp.949-979. Turney, K., Wildeman, C. and Schnittker, J., 2012. As fathers and felons explaining the effects of current and recent incarceration on major depression.Journal of Health and Social Behavior, p.0022146512462400. unsw.edu.au. 2016. [online] Available at: https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/health/sex-australian-prisons-facts [Accessed 17 Nov. 2016]. Wildeman, C. and Muller, C., 2012. Mass imprisonment and inequality in health and family life.Annual Review of Law and Social Science,8, pp.11-30. Wildeman, C. and Turney, K., 2014. Positive, negative, or null? The effects of maternal incarceration on childrens behavioral problems.Demography,51(3), pp.1041-1068.